Sustainable Scottish Urban Property Development Coursework

Sustainable Scottish Urban Property Development - Coursework Example The Scottish Government has proposed a sustainable urban development strategy for the development of thriving and healthy communities. Such communities should be well planned, well connected and well maintained for making it attractive for inhabitants. The strategy supports an active effort in shaping local services and the local physical and cultural environment. The needs of everyone in the community should be considered and taken into account.The underlying policy behind the land reform is the community right to buy land in rural Scotland. Communities wishing to exercise the right to buy must have sustainable development as the heart of the community, and plans for the land. According to Pillai (2010), the most econocentric approach has been the focus on sustainable economic growth. Also, the community right to buy has its own sustainable development agenda. A diverse range of community ownership plans has been considered. These include the creation of sports facilities for the pr eservation of castles, lighthouses, and villages. Several economic, social and environmental objectives have been approved. It is widely held that communities failing to adopt the right approach will not succeed in using the legislation. Three themes have been critically examined in light of the strategy.Extensive land use rights are an integral attribute of property entitlements and ownership in the UK. Several legal and policy instruments have resulted in incremental reform. According to Rodgers (2009), some of these have been influenced by UK’s accession to the European Community and associated laws such as the European Union environmental law and Common Agricultural Policy. Some changes include the modification in allocation land-based utility in property rights. As land use policy increasingly has an increasing focus on the promotion of environmental stewardship, especially the countryside. General duty of environmental stewardship has become an attribute of land ownersh ip. This includes a consideration of recognition of larger community interests and sustainable management of land.  

Exotic Animals Essay Example for Free

Exotic Animals Essay The exotic animal trade is a growing industry in which exotic animals are bred, sold, and traded in massive amounts. Millions of exotic animals are being kept in private residences, small roadside zoos, and traveling wild animal exhibits. Sadly, beautiful and majestic animals are being held captive in unfortunate living conditions. They are being deprived the enrichment and companionship that they require to develop and flourish effectively as if they were living in the wild. These mistreated animals can be extremely dangerous to human health, the safety of the public, and the animals themselves. Many exotic animal attacks have been front page news; most recently, the release and killing of forty-nine exotic animals in Zanesville, Ohio, was said to be the worst exotic animal incident in United States history. This dangerous incident and those like it need to be thoroughly investigated, and legislation must be improved to avoid future incidents. Stricter laws will ensure exotic animals are being cared for humanely and the public is protected. Common exotic animals that are being purchased for private ownership or entertainment purposes are large game cats, bears, wolves, zebras, reptiles, birds, and nonhuman primates. The genetic anomalies of zedonks, crossbreeding zebras with donkeys, are even being advertised for sale (Green). All of these exotic animals may seem cute and cuddly in zoos and other exhibits, but they are extremely dangerous if not cared for appropriately. The care of exotic animals can be expensive, and many people will purchase these animals unaware of the costs that are required to maintain the animal’s health and environment. Many investigations into exotic animal attacks have revealed that these animals are not being cared for in humane ways. They were not being fed adequately and have not received appropriate medical care. The conditions these animals are forced to live in can make them violent towards owners or handlers. They become violent because they are hungry or because of health problems they have developed due to their ill-treatment. Exotic animals can carry diseases that can be dangerous to humans and, in some cases, even fatal. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that seventy thousand people in the United States contract the bacterial disease salmonella from the handling of reptiles, such as snakes or iguanas (Kirpalani). Humans have died from being exposed to diseases like the Monkey B virus carried by nonhuman primates as well as rabies found in many different species of animals. Additionally, humans can pose a threat to the exotic animals when they come into contact with them. Diseases that humans carry, like the herpes simplex virus, if contracted, can be fatal to certain small primates (Parsell). Many people question why there are a great number of exotic animals for sale in the United States. The answer is simple: exotic animal trade has been significantly profitable for those parties involved. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals reports that the illegal trafficking of exotic animals is a twenty-billion dollar industry (Eaton). Even though many states have laws that prohibit the sale and purchase of exotic animals, they continue to be illegally purchased through easy access websites, exotic animal brokers, exotic animal breeders, and exotic animal auctions held at livestock yards. There were even reports of one Texas woman selling tiger cubs from the back of her car in a Wal-Mart parking lot. I recently visited the website ExoticAnimalsForSale. net and discovered over six-hundred advertisements for exotic animals that were being sold. The animals ranged from large game cats to exotic birds and dangerous reptiles. Interested buyers can simply purchase these animals with one click of the mouse. The ease of illegally purchasing exotic animals has made this industry considerably successful. The lack of awareness and ignorance of many people that own exotic animals has been the cause of many incidents or attacks that have occurred. Recently, Terry Thompson, of Zanesville, Ohio, released his fifty-six exotic animals from their secure cages and then took his own life, enabling the animals to dangerously roam the farmland surrounding the moderately populated community. Most of the exotic animals released were extremely dangerous and posed a threat to the public. That afternoon, law enforcement officials were ordered to shoot and kill eighteen Bengal tigers, seventeen lions, six black bears, three mountain lions, two grizzly bears, two wolves, and one baboon. One other primate, a macaque monkey was reported missing, but later the remains were found and had been half eaten by another animal. Zoologist and animal activist were appalled that all the animals had to be exterminated, especially the eighteen Bengal tigers; a species that is currently found on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN). Although forty-nine of them had to be killed, only one bear, two monkeys, and three leopards were successfully trapped and transferred to the nearby Columbus Zoo. Investigation later revealed that Thompson was not a sane person. He had past run-ins with the law concerning the welfare of his animals, and he had been convicted of animal cruelty in 2005. Similar incidents have occurred concerning the dangers of exotic animal ownership. Like the couple from Grain Valley, Missouri who were charged with endangering the welfare of a child when their pet ferret chewed off seven of their infant son’s fingers down to the knuckle. The news has reported many other shocking exotic animal incidents that have occurred this year. In Connecticut, a television animal star chimpanzee bit off both hands and mauled the face and of an elderly woman. In Florida, the death of a two year old girl who was squeezed to death in her crib by a pet python raised many concerns with the government officials that enforce animal ownership laws. These incidents, as well as many others, have shown that protective action must be taken immediately by law makers. The leniency in laws that prohibit the sale and purchase of exotic animals does not come without consequences. The Exotic Animal Incidents database compiled by the animal protection agency Born Free USA reports that seventy-five human deaths and over fifteen-hundred non-fatal incidents have occurred over the last twenty-one years (Whyte). As a result of the Zanesville incident, Ohio Governor John R. Kasich issued an executive order requesting state agencies to increase inspections and enforce stricter laws relating to animal health, captivity, and cruelty. The executive order called for The Ohio Department of Health, The Ohio Department of Natural Resources, and The Ohio Department of Agriculture to cooperate in the detailed investigation and additional inspection of private exotic animal owners and their facilities where wild animals are being bred, raised, and exploited. Ownership of exotic animals is legal in nine states, and in thirty other states, exotic animal ownership is legal if permits are simply applied for through state and local organizations (Kirpalani). These states must revise this easy process that they have developed. The laws should make exotic animal ownership harder. The process should weed out those individuals that are not competent enough to care for these animals. Our federal government has only one law in place to regulate the treatment of animals. The Animal Welfare Act, signed in 1996, requires that minimum standards of care and treatment be provided for certain animals bred for commercial sale, used in research, commercially transported, or exhibited to the public (USDA). Exotic animals should never be pets. They are wild animals and should be treated as if they are roaming free in their natural habitat, not at the cost of entertainment and human profits. It is imperative that state lawmakers and government officials take immediate action to pass strong legislation to protect the world’s exotic animals. Without these laws in place, many more animals will be held captive, mistreated, and set up as a danger to the public. Exotic animals should be in legitimate zoos where they can live in appropriate habitats, receive proper veterinary care, and adequate nutrition. Only professionals in a zoo should have the responsibility of providing the care and attention that these innocent animals deserve.

Effect Of Exercise On The Human Body Physical Education Essay

Effect Of Exercise On The Human Body Physical Education Essay The increase in the prevalence of obesity has seemed to lead to an increase in the trend of healthy eating and exercise over the years (Flegal, Carroll, Ogden Johnson, 2002). Interestingly, exercise is actually considered a form of stress, as it is a disruption of homoeostasis (Plowman Smith, 2011, p.22). Exercise is defined as a single acute bout of bodily exertion or muscular activity that requires an expenditure of energy above resting level and that in most, but not all, cases results in voluntary movement (Plowman Smith, 2011, p.705). When we run our heart rate rises, our muscles move faster, our respiratory rate increase, and so on. When we lift weights our muscles are pushed to work harder either via repetition and sets or the amount we lift. During these time periods, our body is struggling to maintain homoeostasis; a healthy form of stress that can make the human body more efficient and productive. Exercise will affect each system differently and different exercise will affect the different systems differently. It is said that health-related physical fitness is composed of components representing cardiovascular-respiratory endurance, metabolism and muscular fitness (Plowman Smith, 2011, p.22). In other words, the main systems that are affected by exercise are our cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems. Exercise also affects our metabolism, which is not a system on its own; however is a key component to provided energy for our body. When we exercise, we need energy. Therefore energy production, or metabolism, is affected by exercise. Metabolism is defined as the the total of all energy transformations that occur in the body (Plowman Smith, 2011, p. 27). To make adenosine tripohophate (ATP), the bodys form of energy, from the food we consume we use a process called cellular respiration. Our resources included carbohydrates, triglycerides and amino acids. Through carbohydrate metabolism, we are able to break down carbohydrates into glucose or glycogen. From there our glucose or glycogen will go through the process of glycolysis to make pyruvate or lactic acid. The acids then become acetyl coenzyme A, which would then go through the Kreb cycle and the electron transport system to create ATP. From our carbohydrate we get a range of thirty to thirty-three ATPs; depending on the muscle group and if glucose on glycogen was used. With triglycerides, we must break it down into fatty acids and glycerol. The fatty acids t hen go through the process of beta oxidation to create acetyl coenzyme A. The number of ATP formed depends on the number of carbon pairs found in the triglyceride. Amino acids make about ten to fifteen percent of our energy supply; and therefore are used as a last resort (Plowman Smith, 2011). During exercise, the goal of metabolism is to do three things. First, increase mobilisation and usage of the free fatty acids in adipose tissue and intramuscular stores. Second, decrease the amount of glucose sent to muscles that are not being used while still sending some to our nervous system; particularly our brain. Third, increase the breakdown of glucose stores in the liver and muscles. This creates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (Plowman Smith, 2011). We used a different source of energy depending on the type of exercise. If the duration of the exercise were to decrease and or if there is an increase in intensity then carbohydrates would become our main source. However, if we increased our duration and decreased our intensity the many sources would be triglycerides. When the duration is longer than an hour that is when amino acids make a small contribution to the energy production. The effects of exercise on our metabolism, in turn, affect the efficiency of other systems in the body, such as the respiratory system. While exercising, one of the first things we mentally note is a change in is our Respiratory System. This is quite simply because of the high demand for energy, exercise creates. Our respiratory system is used to provided energy via aerobic metabolism, in other words, it brings in the oxygen we need to create ATP. Therefore, it makes sense that we breathe more frequently to help our body get the energy it needs. To speed up the process, it would be best if the rate at which oxygen disassociated from haemoglobin increased. This is exactly what happens. Here is how: as we create more energy the waste product, carbon dioxide, also increases. Therefore our partial pressure of carbon dioxide increase; and because of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, there is also a decrease in the pH levels (Martini, Ober Nath, 2012). There is also an increase in body temperatures, which is a byproduct of energy production. These conditions increase the rate of dissociation of oxygen from the protein haemoglobin. What is interesting is our misconception with the idea of our respiratory system as a limiting factor. The phrase, I am out of breath, is commonly heard by runners and gym goers. However, our level of respiratory activity is almost equal to the rate of work being done. If we take our increased activity into hand and our respiratory systems large reserve, we find that the respiratory system does not limit our ability to exercise in any way (Plowman Smith, 2011, p.385). We do not see many adaptions in the respiratory system as a result of training. As a stressor, exercise does not stress the limitations of the respiratory system; and as a result, we do not see any long or short term changes. There are some changes in the respiratory system as a result of water based exercises. We find that they have a higher lung volume and capacities. The reason for this is unknown. However, there is a theory that swimmerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦breath against the resistance of water, using a restricted breathing pattern with repeated expansion of the lungs to total capacity (Plowman Smith, 2011, p.305). Swimmers also do work in the horizontal position; a position optimal for perfusion of the lung and diffusion of respiratory gases (Plowman Smith, 2011, p.307). In swimmers, we also find that there is a report of higher diffusion capacity. This is also seen in runners. However, this is more likely due to circulatory changes. A slight increase in our minute ventilation is also seen as a result of training adaptation. Minute ventilation or minute volume is defined as the amount of air coming into and leaving the respiratory system per minute (Martini, Ober Nath, 2012). It is the components of minute volume that we see the change in, which affects the minute volume. Minute volume equals to how many breaths we take per minute times our tidal volume. Our tidal volume is the amount of air you move into or out of your lungs during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions; in other words, it is quite breathing (Martini, Ober Nath, 2012, p. 739). With exercise, our tidal volume adapts and increases at rest. Therefore, individual who frequently exercise  will develop a large tidal volume. As a result, the minute volume is higher after training than before, allowing for the ability to increase our endurance (Plowman Smith, 2011). Besides these changes, we do not see a lot of long-term adaptations in the respiratory system as a result of exercise. The changes mentioned are also very minimal. An area we see a lot changes in response to exercise is our cardiovascular system and muscular system. The ability to deliver oxygen (and other substances) depends on the proper functioning of the cardiovascular system (Plowman Smith, 2011, p.323). As we exercise the need for oxygen increases and carbon dioxide concentration in our blood increase. Chemoreceptor and baroreceptors detect this change in the blood. To get the proper resources to the proper place certain factors of our cardiovascular system start to increase during exercise. These factors include our stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output, and systolic blood pressure. Stroke volume is the amount of blood that is ejected from the heart after every beat; the amount per minute is the cardiac output. Systolic blood pressure is the blood pressure during a contra ction (Plowman Smith, 2011). The kind of exercise will affect how much these factors will increase or how rapidly it will increase. For example, during the short term, light to moderate aerobic exercise make our factors increase rapidly. However, during incremental exercise, our factors will increase in a rectilinear fashion as the workload increases. Our vascular system also plays an important role as we exercise. When exercising we find that there is a decrease in resistance of the arteries and veins, in other words, we see an increase in vasodilatation. This allows for more blood to go to working muscle, while making sure the blood pressure does not rise excessively (Plowman Smith, 2011). Our cardiovascular system will also contribute to maintaining homoeostasis of our body temperatures. When it comes to thermoregulation the environment surrounding our bodies can be very influential. However, our body is able to maintain an internal temperature via metabolic heat production, body heat radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation. Our cardiovascular system plays a role by capturing the heat exerted by our muscular system and sending them to be released via our peripheral vascular system. One of our primary defences against heat stress, especially while exercising, is sweating. However, there are situations where the thermoregulatory and metabolic demands are not meet by the cardiovascular systems. In this case, an individual can develop heat illness such as heat exhaustion and heatstroke. That is why it is important for those who exercise to keep hydrated before, during and after exercise (Plowman Smith, 2011). Over time we will find that exercise will cause our cardiovascular system to adapt. With endurance training, we will see an increase in blood volume and plasma volume. However, the increase in plasma volume will be seen at the beginning of the training while blood volume increase will not happen until much later. As a result of endurance training, individuals develop a lower heart rate at rest as well as the maximal oxygen consumption (Plowman Smith, 2011). Approximately forty percent of the deaths in America are caused by cardiovascular disease. One of the top cardiovascular diseases is coronary heart disease. However, there are studies that show exercise can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Exercise can even reduce the risk of factors that cause cardiovascular diseases; such as properties of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is characterised by high visceral abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, reduced glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Together, these are factors that can cause cardiovascular diseases. By exercising, we can reduce the risk of many diseases, not just one (Plowman Smith, 2011). The second system that is largely affected by exercise is our skeletal muscular system. Generally, our skeletal muscles are important for posture, heat generation, and motion. To help perform these actions our nervous system plays the control our skeletal muscles. A motor unit is the combinations of the motor neurone and the muscle fibres it stimulates. ATP plays an important role here. This is because one neurone gives the signal for the muscle fibres to contract; the muscle fibres will need the energy to contract and then relax (Plowman Smith, 2011). Human muscle fibres are categorised by contractile properties and metabolic properties. From the contractile perspective, we have fast-twitch fibres and slow-twitch fibres. The ability for the fibre to contract slowly or quickly has more to do with the motor neurone then the fibre. Alpha-1 motor neurones are larger, have high recruitment threshold, and faster conductivity velocity; innervate fast twitch fibres. Alpha 2 motor neurones are smaller, have slower conduction velocity and low recruitment threshold; innervate slow twitch fibres. Metabolically, fast twitch fibres can make energy via oxidation and glycolytic metabolism or just glycolytic metabolism. However, slow twitch fibres can only make energy via oxidative metabolism (Plowman Smith, 2011). Through studies, we have found that athletes that practice endurance activities will have a higher percentage of slow twitch fibres. Individuals who are involved in resistance activities will have a higher percentage of fast twitch fibres. However, it is believed that this is more genetically based, then based on nurture. That is to say, that it is easier for some who has a high amount of fast twitch fibres will be better at resistance activities. While those with high slow twitch fibres are better at endurance activities. Therefore, the contractile properties of muscle fibres cannot be changed via exercise; however, our metabolic properties can be. It is possible for training to cause enough fast twitch fibres to change metabolically, so that they switch from oxidative-glycolytic metabolism to glycolytic metabolism (Plowman Smith, 2011). While training and exercising, we must be aware of muscular fatigue and muscular soreness. Muscular fatigue results from a loss of muscle functions and is largely depend upon the type of muscle fibre being used. Different exercises will use different muscle fibres; therefore, different kinds of exercise will cause muscle fatigue differently. For example, in static activity hydrogen ions increase, glycolysis is inhibited, fewer calcium ions are released in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and there is an occlusion of blood flow. Any of these, if enough or a combination of all of them, can cause muscle fatigue. Muscle soreness is the same idea as overexertion (Plowman Smith, 2011, p. 547). There are two types: immediate-onset soreness and delayed-onset muscle soreness. Immediate-onset soreness is pain that occurs during and immediately after exercise. When over exercising hydrogen ion concentration and lactic acid levels increase, this increase causes an over stimulation of pain receptors. It is believed that this is what cause immediate-onset soreness. However, it is not sure what causes delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). DOMS is the pain that is felt at least eight hours after exercising and, reaches peaks and falls over the next ninety-six hours. Athletes and trainers must beware to avoid these conditions because it can affect athletic participation and performance (Plowman Smith, 2011). Different exercises lead to muscle fatigue differently than another type of exercise. This is the same as the adaptations seen in our muscular system. Different kinds of exercises will lead to different adaptations. Resistance training is used to improve overall health, improve athletic performance; rehabilitate injuries, and change physical appearance (Plowman Smith, 2011, p. 580). Muscular adaptions, however, also rely heavily on their individual goals; and occur at different rates. Trainers must remember to apply a training program based on the individual or team and their capabilities (Plowman Smith, 2011). Metabolism, cardiovascular system, and the muscular system are the main aspects of our body that are affected by exercise. However, our other systems are also affected. Our skeletal system is important for protection, support, mineral storage, hematopoiesis and movement. Studies have shown that exercise has a positive effect on bone health and helps avoid disease such as osteoporosis. Physical activity creates an increase in mechanical force that leads to mechanotransduction. Mechanotransduction is the process of osteocytes modelling and remodelling the bones. This makes the bone stronger. Bending our bones also causes stress (compressive and tensile stress) that changes the hydrostatic pressure of our bones. The change in pressure increases the movement of the fluid within the bone. Fluid in the bone carries the nutrients and wastes; as well as results in the formation of new bone. Exercise helps the body to reach peak bone mass while still growing, offset menopause and slow down bo ne loss that occurs later in life. However, if exercise is done excessively their activity can exceed the adaptive ability of bone, resulting is overuse injury (Plowman Smith, 2011, p. 501). The nervous system was seen coming into play with our muscular system; however, our nervous system also works with our endocrine system when responding to exercise. When responding to stress in general, our nervous system and the endocrine systems will come into play. Since exercise is a stress, we see a response from the nervous system and the endocrine system. Specifically, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic come into play during different points of the exercise. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS), our fight or flight response, will come into play during exercise. While our parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), rest and digest, will be important for recovery; breaking down energy for our muscle recovery, taking deep slow breaths, and so on. The SNS will, during exercise, ensure to enhance our cardiovascular functions, regulate blood flow and maintain blood pressure and thermal balance, and increase fuel mobilisation (Plowman Smith, 2011. It has also been found that after lo ng bouts of exercise a group of neuropeptides called endogenous opioids is released in the central nervous system. Endogenous opioids, or opioids, are a famously know as opium from the best and for subsiding pain (Jonsdottir, 2002). While running as pain levels reach certain levels opioids are released, and are also known to cause runners second the wind or runners high (Widmaier, Raff Strang, 2008, p. 171). The endocrine system also plays a role when exercising. While exercising there is an increase in the release of our metabolic hormones; glucagon, insulin, growth hormone, epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones work together to maintain blood glucose levels and mobilise fuel for ATP production. Epinephrine and norepinephrine also help to enhance cardiac function and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. Adaptive, our endocrine system may change due to exercise. However, it depends on the individual. The adaptation could make the individual more sensitive to lower levels of hormone so that the same effect occurs following training even without a changing baseline (Plowman Smith, 2011, p. 645). Our immune system will also respond to exercise. It has been found that will moderate exercise will lead to higher numbers and activity of neutrophils, natural killer cells, B and T cells, macrophages, and more. Thus making out immune system stronger. However, during excessive exercise, we see a decrease in natural killer cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils. It is believed that this is likely for the vulnerability to acute infections. No pain, no gain, is what is often said among friends when exercising. It is important to remember that exercise is a stressor, and that one will feel pain as a result. It is also important to beware of the effects of over-exercising. Exercise, if done right, can help avoid, delay and lessen the effects of disease; as well enhance our bodies to function to its prime.

The Film Amadeus Essay -- History Compare Movie Essays Papers

The Film Amadeus This paper will take a look into the movie Amadeus, to see if the film accurately depicts the history of Amadeus and the enlightenment of the characters. The time period that the film takes place in is the 18th century. There is a mixture of social class in this film. There are rulers and commoners shown in this film. The main characters in the film which are Mozart, Salieri, and Emperor Joseph represent actual historical figures. The film was made in 1984.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The film was somewhat accurate with the characters and the time, but for the most part the film never stated what year everything was happening in. Someone could tell that the time frame of the film was the 18th century, but you really couldn’t tell the exact year it was happening. For example in one scene where Mozart’s father comes to see him and his wife, we find out that she is pregnant. Later on in the movie she has a child. There was no reference of time in the film. You can tell that months passed through simple action like that one in the film. Another example would be in the time Amadeus took to make his works. It’s hard to tell how long he took to make his operas, the way the filmed showed. As for the characters the film depicted them well. There were some things that did seem right. For the way they showed Salieri to kill Mozart. Looking at information on this, I couldn’t find a fact to state that Salieri killed Mozart. As stated in Funk and Wagnalls New Encyclopedia â€Å"he died of typhoid fever in Venna on Dec. 5 1791; his burial was attended by few friends and the place of his grave is unmarked.† This states nothing that Salieri was the reason for Amadeus’ death. The film is trying to market the film as a tale of murder. But there really wasn’t any murder in this film. More like a man willing to die to finish something he believed as a work of art. The film depicts Mozart more to killing him self then Salieri murdering him. Someone could argue that Salieri did kill Mozart by dressing like his father to make the final opera. But this was Mozart own doing, as his obsession with having perfect music took him over. Not to get me wrong the film did a good job in showing Mozart. It had historical value and entertainment. This film can be viewed as a quick historical vie... ...nship to God differs from Mozart because Salieri didn’t envy God he hated God for giving Mozart this gift. He did envy Mozart because he was everything he wanted to be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion this film gave a good depiction of Mozart. Some of the points in the film weren’t that accurate. Many little feature could of helped the film in be more of a accurate historical film. This wasn’t a historical film, it was more for entertainment value. If this film was not an entertaining film like it was then it would have never have been should an award winning movie. This was a great film. I enjoyed it, found it funny, and moving at times. I know little about Mozart before. After seeing the film I did learn more about Mozart. This was not a boring film as I wanted to see what is going to happen. I would recommend this film to be seen. If someone wants to be entertained they should see it. If someone wants to learn a little about Mozart they should see the film, but if you want to learn Amadeus’s whole life this film will not do this. So basically watch this film for enjoyment and to learn the general information about Mozart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Wacc for Fedex Corp.

Preface First of all, I would like to thank Ms. Thuy for her enthusiastic guidance and response all of questions to help me complete this exercise easily. Simultaneously, thanks to her professional lectures on class which also build me with deep understanding of how to access and deal with problems in financial management so that I can complete this report. All of the data is collected through 2 website: http://finance. yahoo. com/ and http://www. finra. org/ I. ABOUT FEDEX CORPORATION: FedEx Corporation is a holding company.The Company provides a portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services under the FedEx brand, originally known as  FDX Corporation, is an American global  courier  delivery services company headquartered in  Memphis, Tennessee. FedEx Corporation is a Delaware corporation, incorporated October 2, 1997. FDX Corporation was founded in January 1998 with the acquisition of Caliber System Inc. by Federal Express,  the world's  largest airlineà ‚  in terms of freight tons flown and the world's fourth largest in terms of fleet size, delivering packages and freight to more than 375 destinations in nearly every country each day.With the purchase of Caliber, FedEx started offering other services besides express shipping. The  Standard Carrier Alpha Code (SCAC)  is a unique code used to identify transportation companies. It is typically two to four alphabetic letters long. It was developed by the  National Motor Freight Traffic Association  in the 1960s to help the transportation industry for computerizing data and records. FedEx's codes include: * FDE – FedEx Express * FDEG – FedEx Ground * FXFE – FedEx Freight * FDCC – FedEx Custom Critical II. STATISTICS AND CALCULATION: 1. Summary  statistics:Accroding to the collected data: There is one non- callable bond issues of FedEx Corporation (FDX) in the ten-year maturity which is FDX. GD, use its yield of maturity as the pre-tax cost of debt. * Market value of equity: 34. 3 billions in USD * Value cash: 34. 02 billions in USD * The beta is 1. 32 and risk-free rate is 2% * A market risk premium of 5% and tax rate of 35% 2. Estimated equation a. The market value of debt: Using the collected data in the appendix 3, the market value of debt can be easily calculated: The market value of FDX’s debt = $250,000,000*105. 08%+$750,000,000*130. 704%+$239,000,000*131%=$1,557,390,000 * Total value of the firm = Total of market value of debt and equity =$34,300,000,000+$1,557,390,000=$35,857,390,000 b. The weights for FedEx’s equity and debt: Weight for equity =34,300,000,00035,857,390,000=95. 6567% Weight for debt=1,557,390,00035,857,390,000=4. 3433% 3. Apply the CAPM to Calculate GM’s WACC Cost of Equity = Risk-Free Rate + Equity Beta * Market Risk Premium =2%+1. 32*5%= 0. 086 Effective Cost of debt = Rd1-Tc=5. 89%1-0. 35=0. 0376 WACC is the average of the costs of these sources of financing, each of which is we ighted by its respective use in the given situation. By taking a weighted average, we can see how much interest the company has to pay for every dollar it finances. A firm's WACC is the overall required return on the firm as a whole and, as such, it is often used internally by company directors to determine the economic feasibility of expansionary opportunities and mergers.It is the appropriate discount rate to use for cash flows with risk that is similar to that of the overall firm. The WACC equation is the cost of each capital component multiplied by its proportional weight and then summing:   WACC= EV. Re+DV. Rd(1-Tc) We can easily calculate: WACC of FedEx Corporation is approximately 8. 3898%. III. APPENDIX: Appendix 1: Market value of equity| Enterprise value cash| Beta| $34. 3| $34. 02| 1. 32| *dollar amount in billions| Appendix 2: Risk free rate| Pre-tax cost of debt (Rd)| %| 5. 789| Appendix 3: Bond Symbol| Issuer Name| Coupon| Maturity| Callable| Price| Yield| Amount out standing| | | | | | | | | FDX. GX| FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP PASS THRU TR| -| -| No| 121. 375| 4. 153| -| FDX. HR| FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP| -| -| No| -| -| -| FDX. HO| FEDEX CORP| 7. 38| 01/15/2014| Yes| 105. 608| 0. 507| $250,000| FDX. HP| FEDEX CORP| 8| 01/15/2019| Yes| 130. 704| 2. 327| $750,000| FDX. GD| FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP| 7. 6| 07/01/2097| No| 131| 5. 789| $239,000| *dollar amount in thousands|

Intertextual Relationship Between Renoir’s Parte de Campagne Essay

France can be credited as the home to the film industry. French film directors can be said to have invented the whole concept of cinema. For instance, as early as 1895, Lumiere brothers produced a 50 seconds film titled The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station and this led to pundits to name it as the first bold step in the cinema industry. They continued in their production until the First World War where they shifted focus to producing documentaries films and newsreel. However they had already laid the bedrock for the advancement of the film industry and other pioneers took it in the 1930’s. (Hortelano, 2011, p.256) While during the First World War, the cinema industry seemed to have grounded to a halt, the period after 1920 going to 1930’s show emergence of younger film directors with much enthusiasm in the industry. Such included Marcel Carne, Rene Clair and Jean Renoir (Conley 2007 p.166). He adds that they experimented on wide styles and cinematic themes in the process. However, France was plunged into the Second World War in 1939 which consequently led to slow down the evolution of the cinema industry. This did not pick up until 1950’s where again France show emergence of young budding enthusiastic film directors who are regarded as the new wave, Nouvelle Vague, of cinema industry. This included among others, Jacques Rivette, Jean lucques Godard, Loius Malle, Francois Truffaut and Alain Resnais. This group of film makers believed that a filmmaker has possession of the film without interference from either studios or producers. This paper will discuss Partie de Campagne and Les Mistons., two films made by two great French film makers, Jean Renoir and Francois Truffaut respectively. Renoir’s Partie de Campagne is a forty-minute film produced in 1936. It is regarded as the greatest unfinished film ever made. While many films are abandoned and fail to break the ground due to unreliability of financiers or filmmaker’s own volition to abandon the project, Parte de Campagne was abandoned due to persistent bad weather (Miller, 2006, p.3). However, despite it being unfinished, it was released ten years down the line. Renoir is famed for producing films with lots of realism and satirical content (Hortelano, 2011, p.257). Just like Truffaut’s film, the film Parte de Campagne is a romance filled film based on a story by Guy de Maupassant and the plot of the film revolves around a family that decides to take sometime in the country side. While in the village and as the men family members proceed to fishing, the mother, Juliette (Jeanne Marken), is involved in a flirtation with another man from the village while her daughter, Herinette (Sylvia Bataille) , also gets into intimacy with a babbling young man, Henri, identified as George Saint-Saens. However, being a vacation, the family leaves and never to return in the same place any sooner. When they did fourteen years later, so much had changed. We learn their love was unfortunately hampered by Anatole (Paul Temps), a partner of Monsieur Dufour that Henriette was forced to marry. The former lover, George Saint-Saens, undertook to renew the initial relationship but to no avail. They both try to catch up but the family heads to the city. Episodes on what happened were never shot as the project was abandoned (Miller, 2006, p.5) Exemplar, the shots of the summer storm and the long sequence of the rain firing the river that, underlying the explosion of passion of the natural element, and between Henry and Henriette. The sequence leads the film to the next encounter of the lovers, dramatically resulting in the resigned acceptation of the course that social norms have imposed on their existences. It has been argued that the film captures the importance details of the French history, at a time when there were no hostilities, in the 1900’s. Being produced 1936, no one would ever think what lay ahead in 1939 when France was involved in the war and Paris fell in 1940. The film captures the serenity of the moment when people were relatively care- free before the world fell into disgrace (Hortelano, 2011, p.258). On the other hand, Truffaut’s Les Mistons delves onto the lives of children. It was shot in 1957, when Truffaut was only twenty five years old. Unlike Renoir, Truffaut represents the second phase of French new wave in the cinema industry. However, the two seem to put emphasis on the theme of love. The subject, as will occur for most of Truffaut’s films is the result of a literary adaptation: a short story by Maurice Pons, contained in Les Virginales. But adaptation is not so much based on the principles of inventing without betraying the spirit of the text, but rather by the need to filter the situations offered by inspiration through the feelings and concerns of the author, by combining the elements of the story to traits of his personality. Telling the story of five teenagers who spend their time to monitor and harass a pair of lovers, during a sunny summer in a small town in the south of France (Nà ®mes), the film disposes to surprise and record, with participation and detachment together, the disturbances produced by a nascent sensuality, awakened by all the more insinuating and fleeting images, a new tenderness full of mystery fuelled by sweet visions of bare legs showing under fluttering skirts, of still images of breasts, furtive kisses exchanged in the dark of a movie theatre and of embraces favoured by the complicity of a deep forest. Bernadette is the origin and object of a prestigious discovery, symbol of a bright sensuality, mysterious and fascinating personification of the dark dreams and secret imaginations that populate the nights of adolescents in Nà ®mes. She becomes the victim of a hostile crowd as soon as the brats learn the impossibility to possess the object of desire, the sense of their strangeness as jealous witnesses, forced to only spy kisses and desire hoped tenderness. The camera takes on this helpless anger, clutching close behind the five Mistons, following them lovingly. The destruction of the couple has a remote character, is projected out of the exclusive world of adolescents: there is just a little bitterness, pity perhaps, only as a memory of the adventures of adolescence. Thematically, the film seems to anticipate, in an inaugural gesture, the main obsessions that make up the universe of director’s film: the cruelty of childhood, the fleeting nature of happiness, the unstoppable flight of time, the purity of feelings and the instability of the couple. Claude Beylie, in â€Å"Cahiers du cinà ©ma† comments upon the film â€Å"I ​​like this sincerity on the skin that follows them like the look of someone who has not forgotten his childhood, this luminous sensuality that they pursue (and the camera with them) without having the exact consciousness, this unbridled eroticism sifted through a demanding purity †¦ For me, some say, is like little pieces of wood. With small pieces of wood and a crazy talent put together, Truffaut reinvents cinema â€Å". (Alberto Barbera, Franà §ois Truffaut, Il Castoro Cinema, 1976) The film was the foundation of what Truffaut would be viewed in future as a romanticist. He attempted to make the film as sensuous as possible using affects such as reverse motion and slow motion in for instance the scene where Gerald is seen kissing Bernadette on the balcony (Dixon, 2006, p.6). Just like his hero Renoir, the shooting of the film was grounded for some time, as the cast took a ten days break and came back to continue as if nothing had happened. Being twenty five years then, it captures the moment of the time as it displays his love for the youth and relationships. It being shot in black and white does not diminish its feel. It adequately captures the serenity of the summer time and the bouncy energy of the youthful age (Hortelano, 2011, p.258). Truffaut’s creatively is portrayed in the fact that no boy stands out as the main play and hence they could be used interchangeably to play their role of admiration. So well was the synchronization that any boy chosen to appear on the scene would be seen to be representative of the entire idea of all boys’ infatuation (Conley 2007 p.166). This is based on his approach in acquiring the cast where he conducted interviews with boys in the age bracket eleven to fourteen, where he was looking for raw talent and best fits into the cast rather than theatrical experience. His desire to grow and uplift young people saw him recruit a young person for the position of director of production, his friend and collaborator Bazin (Dixon, 2006, p.5). In Les Mistons another feature that has accompanied the entire work of director is evident: quotes from other movies, but never a pure a cinephile divertissement but rather they are the filmic transposition of the sympathies and antipathies of Truffaut as a critic. You could almost say that the French director never fails to be a film critic and does so on newsprint, continuing to write about cinema, and in film, when substituting the typewriter with the camera. The film captures evident homages to the Lumià ¨re brothers, Jean Vigo, Roger Vadim, his friend Jacques Rivette, of which the two lovers see at the cinema Le coup du berger , but also a fierce critic to Chiens perdus sans collier, film by Jean Delannoy already crushed by Truffaut. In fact, one of the boys out of the cinema rips the poster while the others sing Colliers perdus sans chiens, reversing the lyrics of Paul Edmond Bacri Misraki which is part of the soundtrack of the film by Delannoy. Both Renoir, and years later, Truffaut managed to convey the message on the ‘frailty of human nature, the uncertain journey of human heart and the inevitability of passion taking over convectional social mores and the mutability of love’ (Miller, 2006, p.4). Both aueturs treat similar themes in a natural framework, signature of both’s poetic realism. Conclusion From the discussion above, it becomes apparent that both films can be categorized as short films. Yet they captured all the essence of a full blown film. Though both the films are short, the writers have been able to capture the theme ad impression intended. They were shot at a time when commercialization of film was not entrenched and as such, they are as authentic as they can be. In addition, coverage of the films was done in the natural setting using not so advanced technology and hence, they have both been regarded as masterpieces up-to-date. Reference Conley 2007, Cartographic cinema, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Dixon-Winston 2006, Senses of Cinema. [Online]. Available at: http://sensesofcinema.com/2006/cteq/mistons/ Hortelano, TJ 2011, Directory of World Cinema: Spain, Intellect, Bristol Miller, K 2006, Parte de Campagne. [Online]. Available at: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028445/reviews